Three new sesquiterpenes from roots of Curcuma longa / 中草药·英文版

OBJECTIVE@#To study the chemical constituents from the roots of Curcuma longa.@*METHODS@#The structures of the compounds were elucidated based on extensive spectral analysis, including 1D and 2D NMR, MS, UV, and CD analysis.@*RESULTS@#Two new sesquiterpene compounds (1S,2R,5R,7S,8R)-2,8-epoxy-5-hydroxybisabola-3,10-dioen-9-one ( 1), (1R,2R,5R,7S,8R)-2,8-epoxy-5-hydroxybisabola-3,10-dioen-9-one ( 2), and a new natural product 6-(4-Hydroxymethylphenyl)-2-methyl-hept-2-ene-4-one ( 3) together with three known compounds ar-turmerone ( 4), 2-methyl-6-(4-hydroxyphenyl-3-methyl)-2-hepten-4-one ( 5) and 2-methyl-6-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-hepten-4-one ( 6) were isolated from C. longa root extract with 95% ethanol.@*CONCLUSION@#In the study, three new compounds were isolated from C. longa, and their absolute configurations were determined.

A novel sesquiterpenoid from Curcuma longa L / 药学学报

A new compound was isolated from the 95% ethanolic extract of the rhizomes of Curcuma longa L. using silica gel column chromatography, medium pressure liquid chromatography, and semi-preparative high performance liquid chromatography. The structure and absolute configuration of the compound was elucidated by HR-ESI-MS, NMR, and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations. It is a novel sesquiterpenoid, which is named as isoturmeronol B (1). The carbon skeleton of compound 1 is similar to that of bisabolane-type sesquiterpenoid. The only difference is that the methyl group at C-4 in bisabolene-type sesquiterpenoid is migrated to C-5 in compound 1. Besides, the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of the compound 1 were evaluated. The results showed that 1 has no anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities.

Analysis of Curcuma longa Q-markers based on traditional efficacy and modern research / 中草药

Curcuma longa, a well-known traditional Chinese medicine, which is warm in nature, acrid and bitter in taste. It has the effects of supplementing qi and activating blood circulation, treating amenorrhea, and pain relief. It was first collected in the Annotation of Materia Medica with long medication history. In this paper, chemical composition and main pharmacological activities of C. longa were summarized, and the quality markers of C. longa were predicted and analyzed based on traditional efficacy and modern research. It is suggested that the identification and quantification of ar-turmerone, α-turmerone, β-turmerone, curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, bisdemethoxycurcumin, and flavonoids should be carried out and the further research of the chemical group of terpenoids and sterols from C. longa should be focused, which could provide scientific basis for clarifying the quality marker (Q-marker) and quality evaluation research of C. longa.

Effect of seven antioxidants on thermal stability improvement of volatile oil from curcuma longa l / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: Thermal stability of Curcuma longa L. was studied by GC-MS- analysis. The affect to Curcuma longa L.by seven antioxidants were explored. METHODS: Volatile oil of Curcuma longa L. were extracted by steam extraction and heated at different temperature. The compounds of Curcuma longa L. were analysis by GC-MS. Volatile oil were heated in different temperature and the temperature which make volatile oil most obvious changing were selected. The volatile oil was heated at 100 ℃ in different time and the time which make volatile oil most obvious changing were selected. The affect to Curcuma longa L.by seven antioxidants were explored and the antioxidant which improved thermal stability of Curcuma longa L. was selected. RESULTS: The compounds of volatile oil from Curcuma longa L. was changed most significant by heated 8 h and heated at 20 ℃.The upward trend of α-turmerone was appropriate inhibited by thymol. The downward trend of ar-curcumen was better inhibited by tocopherol. CONCLUSION: The volatile oil from Curcuma longa L. shown obvious thermal instability. The volatility compounds from volatile oil of Curcuma longa L. was changed most by heated. The thermal stability of volatile oil from Curcuma longa L. can improve by antioxidants.

HPLC fingerprints and curcumin content of Curcuma Longa before and after irradiation by 60Co-γ / 中草药

Objective: To evaluate the effect of irradiation of 60Co-γ on composition change of Curcuma Longa through HPLC fingerprint analysis and determination of curcumin content. Methods: An Agilent SB-C18 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) was used as the column. Curcumin content was measured according to the method in 2015 edition of the “Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China”. Acetonitrile-0.1% phosphoric acid aqueous solution was used as the mobile phase of fingerprint analysis, and it was programmed in a gradient elution model and the detection wavelength was 240 nm. The effects of irradiation on content of curcumin and components change were analyzed by paired t-test and similarity evaluation. And then the comprehensive evaluation of constituent difference of C. Longa before and after irradiation was carried out by HCA and PCA analysis. Further more the stability of curcumin content and fingerprint similarity of three patches samples storage for 3 and 6 months was compared with that of 0 month. Results: There was no significant difference before and after irradiation for curcumin content (P > 0.05). The fingerprints of C. Longae were established and 16 peaks were identified as the common peaks. The similarity of each batch before and after irradiation was more than 0.998 and the same batch before and after irradiation have better clustering consistency. The changes of curcumin content for 3 and 6 months compared with 0 month was less than 5%, and the fingerprint similarity was all greater than 0.95. Conclusion: The established fingerprinting method is accurate and reliable. 60Co-γ irradiation has no significant effect on the curcumin content and chemical composition consistency of C. Longa, which did not affect its stability. It was a good way to evaluate the 60Co-γ irradiation effect on C. Longa by combining fingerprint analysis and the index components content determination. This method can provide reference for the utilization of irradiation on C. Longa.

Correlation study of color of Curcuma longa in Sichuan and content of main composition based on theory of “distinguish quality by appearance of medicine” / 中草药

Objective The research is about the correlation of the color values of Curcuma longa in Sichuan and the content of the main composition (curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, bisdemethoxycurcumin, and curcuminoids). Methods Based on the theory of “distinguish quality by the appearance of medicine”, CM-5 spectro-colorimeter was used to measure the color values of slices and powders of C. longa in Sichuan, and combining to the content of the main composition of these medicines to analyze the correlation between them. Results It showed that there was a significant negative correlation between the color values of powders of C. longa in Sichuan (L*, b*, and ΔE*ab) and the content of the main component of medicines. The correlation coefficients were all around 0.4; Meanwhile, there was a significant positive correlation between the color value a* of C. longa in Sichuan and its main composition content, and the correlation coefficients were all around 0.7. Conclusion The color value a* of C. longa powders produced in Sichuan has higher correlation than other color values. It prompted that we can predict and judge the quality of C. longa in Sichuan by color value a* of C. longa powders, thereby verifying the scientificity of “distinguish quality by the appearance of medicine” in the identification of C. longa. The research can lay the foundation of establishing the evaluation system of C. longa, which can rapidly identify the quality of C. longa.

Actividad biológica de tres Curcuminoides de Curcuma longa L. (Cúrcuma) cultivada en el Quindío-Colombia / Biological activity of three curcuminoids from Curcuma longa L. (turmeric) grown in Quindío, Colombia

Introducción: Curcuma longa L. es una planta de la familia Zingiberaceae distribuida en las regiones tropicales y subtropicales, utilizada en la industria alimentaria, en medicina y en cosmética. Su colorante principal es la curcumina, un polifenol con múltiples efectos medicinales. Objetivos: obtener, caracterizar químicamente y evaluar la actividad biológica de tres curcuminoides de C. longa, cultivada en el Quindío-Colombia. Métodos: se purificaron tres curcuminoides (curcumina (C), demetoxicurcumina (DMC) y bisdemetoxicurcumina (BDMC) desde el rizoma de la planta, en estado seco, por cromatografía en columna y se caracterizaron por punto de fusión, espectroscopía infrarroja (IR), espectroscopía UV-vis y espectrometría de masas. Se evaluó la actividad antimicrobiana en bacterias y hongos por el método modificado de pozos de agar, la citotoxicidad sobre células BHK-21 por el método de bromuro de 3-(4,5- dimetiltiazol-2-ilo)-2,5-difeniltetrazol (MTT) y la toxicidad sobre Artemia salina. Finalmente se determinó el efecto de los curcuminoides en células BHK-21 infectadas con dengue virus 2. Resultados: la curcumina presentó mayor punto de fusión (177,3 ºC-183,2 ºC). El espectro IR reveló los grupos funcionales característicos y el UV-vis indicó máximos de absorción para curcumina, demetoxicurcumina y bisdemetoxicurcumina de 419, 418 y 414 nm en cloroformo, respectivamente. El espectro de masas mostró m/z para C: 368, DMC: 338 y BDMC: 308. Se encontró actividad antimicrobiana frente a Staphylococcus aureus y Staphylococcus epidermidis, se determinó que BDMC presentó menor toxicidad y se evidenció mayor efecto inhibitorio sobre viriones infectivos de dengue con curcumina a 20 y 30 M. Conclusiones: la caracterización de los compuestos confirma su composición como polifenoles, lo cual se relaciona a la actividad biológica de éstos, encontrándose principalmente que la curcumina altera la infección por virus dengue en cultivo celular. Esta investigación confirma la importancia de los principios activos de plantas con amplio espectro farmacológico como C. longa(AU)

Introduction: Curcuma longa L. is a plant from the family Zingiberaceae distributed in tropical and subtropical regions and used in the food industry, in medicine and in cosmetics. Its main coloring substance is curcumin, a polyphenol with many medicinal properties. Objectives: Obtain, characterize chemically and evaluate the biological activity of three curcuminoids from C. longa grown in Quindío, Colombia. Methods: Three curcuminoids (curcumin (C), demethoxycurcumin (DMC) and bisdemethoxycurcumin BDMC) from the rhizome of the plant were purified in a dry state by column chromatography and characterized by fusion point, infrared (IR) spectroscopy, UV-vis spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi was evaluated by the modified agar well method, cytotoxicity to BHK-21 cells by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method, and toxicity against Artemia salina. Finally, determination was made of the effect of the curcuminoids in BHK-21 cells infected with dengue virus 2. Results: Curcumin had the highest fusion point (177.3 ºC-183.2 ºC). IR spectroscopy revealed the characteristic functional groups and UV-vis spectroscopy showed maximum absorption values for curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin of 419, 418 and 414 nm in chloroform, respectively. Mass spectrometry found that m/z values were C: 368, DMC: 338 and BDMC: 308. Antimicrobial activity was observed against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. BDMC was found to have lower toxicity. A greater inhibitory effect against infective dengue virions was observed with curcumin at 20 y 30 µM. Conclusions: Characterization of the compounds confirms their polyphenolic composition, which manifests in their biological activity, mainly the capacity of curcumin to alter infection by dengue virus in cell cultures. The study corroborated the importance of the active principles of plants with a wide pharmacological spectrum, such as C. longa(AU)

Determination of curcumin, desmethoxycurumin, and bisdesmethoxycurum in Curcuma longa by QAMS / 中草药

Objective: To establish a quality evaluation method for Curcuma longa, quantitative of multi-component with a single-marker (QAMS), to determine the contents of three curcuminoids at the same time. Methods: An HPLC method was used, and a Chromstar™ C18 column (4.6 mm × 250 mm, 5 μm) was used. The mobile phase was methanol-4% glacial acetic acid (48:52) at a flow of 1.0 mL/min. The detection wavelength was 422 nm and column temperature was 30℃. Curcumin was used as the internal reference substance. The relative correlation factors of curcumin, desmethoxycurumin, and bisdesmethoxycurumin to curcumin were calculated and evaluated by standard curve method and QAMS. Results: The QAMS method could be used to determine the contents of three curcuminoids at the same time, and with no significant difference between the results of standard curve method (RSD < 2.0%). Conclusion: QAMS method is simple, feasible, and reproducible, which could provide a reference for further research on completing the quality control of raw material and processed C. longa.

Chemical constituents from rhizomes of Curcuma longa / 中草药

Objective: To study the chemical constituents in the rhizomes of Curcuma longa. Methods: A variety of silica gel column chromatography, Sephadex LH-20 gel column chromatography, and HPLC methods were used for the separation and purification of chemical composition. Their structures were established on the basis of physicochemical property and spectral data. Results: Thirteen compounds were obtained and identified as 5-hydroxyl-bisabolon-9-one (1), cyclocurcumin (2), demethoxyl cyclocurcumin (3), isodemethoxyl cyclocurcumin (4), curcumin (5), demethoxyl curcumin (6), methyl ferulate (7), vanillin (8), 4-hydroxyl benzoic aldehyde (9), 4-(4-hydroxyl phenyl)-2-butanone (10), 4-(4-hydroxyl-3-methoxyl phenyl)-2-butanone (11), 4-(4-hydroxyl phenyl)-3- buten-2-one (12), and 4-(4-hydroxyl-3-methoxyl phenyl)-3-buten-2-one (13). Conclusion: Compound 1 is obtained as a new compound named 5-hydroxyl-bisabolon-9-one without reported in literature until now and compound 4 is first isolated from this plant.

Curcuma longa L, o açafrão da terra, e seus benefícios medicinais / Curcuma longa L, earth saffron and its medical benefits

Plantas medicinais são de grande importância nos estudos para elaboração de fármacos de origem natural. A Curcuma Longa Linn é uma planta pertencente a espécie Zingiberaceae, cujo nome científico é Curcuma longa L. É popularmente conhecida como açafrão, açafrão da terra, gengibre amarela e raiz de sol. Possui aspecto rizomatoso e forte tonalidade amarela. Originária da ásia e cultivada em regiões tropicais e subtropicais, é muito utilizada na culinária e medicina popular. Esta revisão bibliográfica teve por objetivo descrever os principais usos medicinais da Curcuma longa L. É utilizada como tempero, especialmente na região continental da Índia. Sendo consumido principalmente na forma de pó seco, utilizado para coloração alimentícia devido à sua forte coloração amarela, associada aos efeitos terapêuticos e dietéticos Os pigmentos responsáveis por essa coloração forte, pertencem à classe dos diferoluilmetano, representados pela curcumina, se tornando bastante utilizada como corante. Os rizomas da cúrcuma são processados e deles se extraem óleo essencial, curcumina e fécula. Possui diversas atividades farmacológicas, destacando seus principais potenciais terapêuticos, tais como; atividades anti-inflamatória, antiviral, antibactericida, antioxidante, antifúngica, anticarcinogênica, entre outras ações. Estudos indicaram que a curcumina apresenta efeitos neuroprotetores no tratamento da Doença de Alzheimer e de Parkinson, prevenindo a inflamação e o dano oxidativo. A pesquisa permitiu verificar a importância da Curcuma longa L. e seu grande potencial de utilização, contendo, principalmente, efeito anti-inflamatório e provável efeito neuroprotetor com potencial para o desenvolvimento de medicamentos. Diante disso, fazem-se necessários estudos, para avaliar seu potencial como planta medicinal.

Medicinal plants are of great importance in studies for the preparation of naturally occurring drugs. Curcuma Longa Linn is a plant belonging to the Zingiberaceae species, whose scientific name is Curcuma longa L.. It is popularly known as saffron, earth saffron, yellow ginger and sun root, with a rhizomatous aspect and strong yellow hue. It is originally from Asia, cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions, and widely used in cooking and folk medicine. This literature review aimed to describe the main medicinal uses of Curcuma Longa L. It is used as a spice, especially in mainland India. Being mainly consumed as a dry powder, used for food coloring due to its strong yellow color associated with therapeutic and dietary effects. Its pigments are responsible for this strong color, belong to the diferuloylmethane class represented by curcumin, becoming widely used as food coloring. The turmeric rhizomes are processed and essential oil, curcumin and starch are extracted from it. It presents several pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antibacterial, antioxidant, antifungal and anticarcinogenic activities, among others. Studies have shown that curcumin has neuroprotective effects in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, preventing inflammation and oxidative damage. Research has shown the importance of Curcuma Longa L. and its great use potential. It presents anti-inflammatory and possible neuroprotective effects with potential for drug development. Therefore, further studies are necessary in order to assess its potential as a medicinal plant.

Análise preliminar da citotoxicidade dos aditivos alimentares urucum e cúrcuma / Cytotoxicity of the food additive annatto and turmeric

Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a ação dos aditivos alimentares urucum e cúrcuma em células meristemáticas de pontas de raízes de Allium cepa nas doses de 5 e 10 g, nos tempos de exposição de 24 e 48 horas. Utilizou-se para cada dose um grupo de cinco bulbos de cebolas, que primeiramente foram enraizados em água destilada, e em seguida transferidos para as suas respectivas doses. Analisaram-se células em todo ciclo celular, totalizando 5.000 para cada controle e tempo de exposição. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise estatística do Qui-quadrado (p<0,05). A partir dos resultados observou-se que as doses do urucum e do cúrcuma tiveram efeito antiproliferativo significativo sobre o ciclo celular deste sistema-teste. Também foi verificado número significativo de aberrações celulares nos dois tempos de exposição avaliados de todas as doses estudadas. Portanto, nas condições analisadas, o urucum e o cúrcuma mostraram-se citotóxicos e genotóxicos.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of food additives annatto and turmeric tip cells of Allium cepa roots in doses of 5 or 10 g in exposure times of 24 and 48 hours. A group of five onion bulbs was used for each dose. Each dose was first embedded in distilled water and then transferred to their respective doses. Cells were analyzed throughout the cell cycle, totaling 5000 for each control and exposure time. The obtained data were subjected to statistical analysis Chi-square (p <.05). From the results it was observed that the doses of turmeric and annatto had significant antiproliferative effect on the cell cycle of this test system. They also found a significant number of cellular aberrations in the two exposure times evaluated all doses studied. Therefore, under the conditions studied, annatto and turmeric proved cytotoxic and genotoxic.

Empleo de ultrasonido en la extracción de curcumina a partir de su fuente natural / Use of ultrasound in the extraction of curcumin from its natural source

INTRODUCCIÓN: Curcuma longa L. se comenzó a cultivar en Cuba en la década de los noventa del pasado siglo, a esta planta se le atribuyen propiedades anticancerígenas, antioxidantes, antibacterianas, entre otras. Su principio activo principal es la curcumina, un pigmento amarillo a partir del cual se pueden obtener diversos derivados de gran interés farmacológico. OBJETIVO: demostrar la factibilidad del uso de curcumina extraída de su fuente natural como precursor de fármacos. MÉTODOS: los rizomas de Curcuma longa L. fueron previamente tratados; después de estar secos, se pulverizaron y la extracción se realizó con metanol en un baño ultrasónico. El producto deseado (curcumina) se purificó por cromatografía de columna, para ser usado posteriormente como la materia de partida en la obtención de un análogo semisintético. Los compuestos aislados y sintetizados se caracterizaron por métodos espectroscópicos. RESULTADOS: se logró aislar curcumina con alto grado de pureza a partir de la Curcuma longa L. cultivada en Cuba, mediante un novedoso método de extracción asistido por ultrasonido. Se obtuvo y fue caracterizado un nuevo compuesto de gran interés farmacológico, a partir de la curcumina obtenida de materias primas nacionales. CONCLUSIONES: el empleo de ultrasonido hace más eficiente la extracción de la curcumina a partir de su fuente natural. Curcuma longa L. puede constituir una fuente de materias primas para la industria farmacéutica.

INTRODUCTION: cultivation of Curcuma longa L. in Cuba started in the 1990s. This plant has been attributed anticancer, antioxidant and antibacterial properties, among others. Its main active principle is curcumin, a yellow pigment from which various derivatives of great pharmacological interest may be obtained. OBJECTIVE: demonstrate the feasibility of the use of curcumin extracted from its natural source as a drug precursor. METHODS: Curcuma longa L. rhizomes were previously treated. Once dry, they were pulverized, and extraction was carried out with methanol in an ultrasonic bath. The desired product (curcumin) was purified by column chromatography to be used later on as the starting material to obtain a semisynthetic analogue. The isolated and synthesized compounds were characterized by spectroscopic methods. RESULTS: curcumin of a high degree of purity could be isolated from Curcuma longa L. cultivated in Cuba by means of a novel ultrasound-assisted extraction method. A new compound of great pharmacological interest was obtained and characterized, starting from curcumin obtained from national raw materials. CONCLUSIONS: ultrasound improves the efficiency of curcumin extraction from its natural source. Curcuma longa L. may constitute a source of raw materials for the pharmaceutical industry.

Cloning and sequence analysis of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene from Curcuma longa / 中草药

Objective: This study aimed at cloning the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) gene from Curcuma longa (CurPAL) and analyzing the bioinformatics. Methods: PAL gene was cloned by RT-PCR and RACE strategy with the template of RNA extracted from C. longa leaves. The bioinformatic analysis of this gene and its corresponding protein were performed. Results: One unique sequence of PAL, named as CurPAL (GenBank NO. KJ780359), was cloned from C. longa. The full-length of CurPAL cDNA was 1 293 bp, including 243 bp of 5'-UTR, 123 bp of 3'-UTR, and 927 bp of ORF encoding 308 amino acids. The molecular weight and theroretical isoelectric point (pI) of the deduced CurPAL protein were 33 000 and 5.76, respectively. The protein of CurPAL was stable and soluble. The domination sites and catalytic active sites in PAL protein of Nerium oleander were also found in CurPAL. It was found that the amino acid sequence of CurPAL had more than 75% homology with PAL of Prunus salicina, Camellia chekiangoleosa, Capsicum chinense, and Musa acuminate via multiple alignments. It revealed that CurPAL had closer relationship with PALs from Zingiberales plants than from other plants by phylogenetic tree analysis. Secondary and tertiary structures indicate that CurPAL is a full α protein contained by homotetramer. Conclusion: The cDNA encoding PAL from C. longa is cloned and reported for the first time. This work provides a scientific basis for exploring the biosynthetic pathway of the medicinal ingredient and improving its quality in C. longa.

Simultaneous determination of three curcuminoids in Curcuma longa L. by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrochemical detection / 药物分析学报

A novel method for analysis of three active components curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin in Curcuma longa L. was developed by HPLC coupled with electrochemical detection. Three curcuminoids were well separated on a C18 column and detected with high sensitivity. A mobile phase containing acetonitrile and 10 mM Na2HPO4-H3PO4 (pH 5.0) (50:50, v/v) was used. Good linearity was obtained in the range of 0.208-41.6, 0.197-39.4, and 0.227-114μM for curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin respectively. The limit of detection reached up to 10 ? 8 M, which was lower than that by UV detection. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) ranged from 1.06%to 1.88%for intra-day precision and from 4.30%to 5.79%for inter-day precision, respectively. The proposed method has been applied in real herb sample and recoveries ranging from 86.3%to 111%were obtained.

Produção de açafrão em função de acessos e do peso de rizomas-semente / Influence of the weight of seed-rhizomes in the production of turmeric

O açafrão-da-terra (Curcuma longa L.) é originário do sudeste asiático e subcontinente indiano. É uma herbácea de caule subterrâneo, alaranjado, com vários rizomas secundários aproveitados na indústria alimentícia e farmacêutica devido às características de cor, sabor, odor, produção de óleos essenciais, e corantes. Na escolha do melhor material propagativo deve-se levar em consideração o material genético, o peso, tamanho, idade, capacidade de reserva acumulada, sanidade, dentre outros fatores. O objetivo neste experimento foi avaliar a influencia de diferentes acessos e pesos de rizomas-sementes na produção de açafrão. Empregou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados em parcelas subdivididas com quatro repetições, tendo como tratamento principal os acessos (C-06, C-36 e C-38) e como tratamento secundário as classes de rizomas-sementes (peso): pequeno, médio e grande, ±5, ±10 e ±15 g/rizoma, respectivamente. Após a colheita, os rizomas foram distribuídos sobre tela suspensa para secagem à sombra com ventilação natural, por 20 dias. Posteriormente, para avaliar a produção, os rizomas foram classificados em 4 classes: A (> 15g ), B (±10 g), C (±5 g) e D(<5g). A interação entre os acessos e o tamanho do rizoma-semente foi significativa para todas as variáveis, com exceção da Classe D. Com o uso de rizoma-semente grande os acessos C-38 e o C-06 apresentaram maior produtividade total, 0,834 e 0,812kg/planta, respectivamente. O descarte gerado foi menor no acesso C-38 do que no C-06, representando 7,8 e 12,8% da produção total, respectivamente. O uso de rizomas-semente maiores aumentou significativamente a produção total. No acesso C-06 a produção passou de 0,481 para 0,812 kg/planta, ou seja, um aumento de 70%. O ganho relativo na produção de rizoma (kg/planta) no acesso C-06 para o plantio de rizomas com ±15 g, foi de 28%.

Turmeric (Curcuma longa L) originated in Southeast Asia and the Indian subcontinent. It is an herbaceous plant with underground, orange stem with several secondary rhizomes used in the food and pharmaceutical industries, because of its characteristics of color, taste, smell, production of essential oils and dyes. In cultivation, the best choice of propagation material must take account the genetic material, weight, age, accumulated reserve capacity, sanity, among other factors. In this study, seed-rhizomes of three weight categories - small, medium and large -, ± 05, ± 10 and ± 15 g / rhizome, respectively, of three genetic materials - C-06, C-36 and C-38 - from the Germplasm Bank of the ESALQ / USP were cultured from December 2009 to August 2010, at a spacing of 0.5 mx 0.2 m. After harvest, they were distributed on canvas suspended for drying in the shade and natural ventilation for 20 days. Later, to evaluate the production, they were classified into four categories: A (> 15g), B (± 10 g), C (± 5 g) and D (<5g) .The interaction between accessions and size of seed-rhizomes was significant for all variables, except for category D. With the use of large seed-rhizomes, C-38 and C-06 had a higher total yield, with 0.834 and 0.812 kg/plant, respectively. The use of large seed-rhizomes increased significantly the total production. In C-06, the production increased from 0.481 to 0.812 kg/plant, i.e. an increase of 70%. Also in C-06, the relative gain in the production of rhizome (kg / plant) for the planting of seed-rhizomes with ± 15 g was 28%.

Optimization of the extraction of curcumin from Curcuma longa rhizomes

The aim of this work was to study the effect of dynamic maceration factors upon the curcumin content of Curcuma longa L., Zingiberaceae, extracts and to determine the optimum set of parameters for the extraction of curcumin using a 2(5) full factorial design and the response surface methodology. Under the established conditions, the content of soluble solids and curcumin in the extracts ranged from 0.8 to 3.4%, and from 0.1 to 1.8%, respectively. The most influential variable observed for the extraction was the ethanolic strength of the solvent. The optimized condition involves an extraction time of 12 h, agitation speed of 30 rpm, drug to solvent ratio of 1/6, extraction temperature of 80 ºC and the solvent with ethanolic strength of 70%. The data reported herein are useful for further developments of curcuma phytopharmaceutical intermediate products with optimized characteristics.

Quality Characteristics of Chicken Sausage Prepared with Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) during Cold Storage

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the quality characteristics of chicken sausage prepared with turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) powder (T) during storage at 4degrees C for 20 days. The pH and color values (a and b values) of sausage containing turmeric powder were significantly higher (P<0.05) than the control for both uncooked and cooked sausage. The hardness, chewiness, and gumminess of control sausage significantly changed after 15 days of storage, while the hardness and gumminess of turmeric-supplemented sausages (T) significantly increased after 5 days (until 15 days) for cooked sausages. The total phenolic content and DPPH radical scavenging activity of turmeric-supplemented sausages was significantly higher (P<0.01) than the control for both uncooked and cooked sausage during storage. On the other hand, the acid value of the control was higher than the turmeric-supplemented sausages and the peroxide value of the control was significantly higher (P<0.05) than the turmeric-supplemented sausages after 15 days of storage. Microorganism analysis revealed that total plate counts of uncooked and cooked control sausages were significantly higher (P<0.05) than turmeric-supplemented sausages at 20 days of storage. As a result, sausages prepared with turmeric powder demonstrate antioxidative activity and lipid oxidative stability during storage.

Comparative Study on the Process for Extration of Curcumin from Curcuma Longa L. with Different Methods / 中国中医药信息杂志

Objective To compare the five different methods of extration process of Curcuma Long. Methods With the content of curcumin and yield of extract as evaluation index, the best extraction process of Curcuma long L. was optimized. Results The content of curcumin extracted in 80 ℃ ethanol immersion was higher, that was the optimum condition. Conclusion The extractive content of curcumin is higher by this process. It is easy to operate and proved to be stable and feasible.

Standardization and digitization of fingerprint gas chromatograms of essential oil of Curcuma longa / 中草药

Object To establish the standardization and digit ization methods for gas chromatographic fingerprint chromatograms of the essenti al oil of Curcuma longa L. Methods A polynomial regression analysis technique was estab lished for the calculation and prediction of the gas chromatographic retention i ndices by using a series of normal aliphatic hydrocarbons as the reference stand ards. And it was used for the characterization of the features of the gas chroma tographic fingerprint spectra of the essential oil of C. longa. Results It was approved that retention indices of the gas chrom atographic fingerprint spectra obtained at a variety of conditions were stable and reliable with excellent reproducibility, and fairly good ruggedness. It was also much better than the relative retention time indices. Conclusion The fingerprint spectra standard established on t he multiple references basis are much more reasonable and useful for the practic al quality assurance and validation of Chinese herbals.

Comparison of curcumol contents in essential oil from four species of rhizoma Curcumae L / 中草药

Object To develop a new method for the determination of curcumol in essential oil from rhizoma Curcumae L.. Methods The contents of curcumol were determined by high performance capillary gas chromatography with sequential increase of temperature on a HEWLETT PACKARD 5890A gas chromatograph. Results The method can be used to determine curcumol with accuracy at a recovery of 101.4% and RSD of 0.40%. Conclusion The present study provided a satisfactory method for the determination of curcumol, and it was found that its contents in four different species (C. wenyujin, C. longa, C. aeruginose, and C. kwangsiensis) were markedly different.